In vitro models of injury

• Elevated glucose concentration (model of diabetic retinopathy)
• Elevated Hydrostatic Pressure (EHP) (model of glaucoma)
• Excitotoxicity with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or glutamate (model of retinal neurodegeneration)
• Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (inflammatory model)
• Endothelial cells exposed to cytokines (breakdown of blood-retinal barrier model)

In vitro models

• Rat retinal (mixed; ganglion; microglial) cell cultures
• Mouse retinal Muller cell cultures
• Bovine retinal endotelial cell cultures
• Porcine retinal pigment epitelial cell cultures
• Organotypic retinal cultures (mouse, rat and human)
• Endothelial cell line (HUVEC, human)
• Retinal Muller cell line (MIO-M1, human)
• Microglial cell line (BV-2, murine)